2018年4月1日 星期日

Science news 2

 How the body protects us from potentially toxic amounts of sugar


http://alex2018sci.blogspot.tw/

一.Science News:How the body protects us from potentially toxic amounts of sugar

Too much sugar can cause liver damage and raise the risk for other medical problems. Now, researchers studying mice have learned that the small intestine protects the liver from exposure to one type of sugar, called fructose. But the small intestine has its limits, the study finds. High doses of fructose overwhelm the intestine’s ability to process the sugar. Researchers reported those results February 6 in Cell Metabolism.

Fructose is a type of simple sugar. It’s found in honey and fruits, as well as in table sugar and in many sweetened foods and drinks. To use fructose for energy, the body needs to convert it into another type of simple sugar, called glucose, or into other smaller molecules. But too much fructose puts a strain on the body. For example, in people it puts the liver at risk for conditions such as fatty liver disease. It also raises the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes (DIE-uh-BEAT-eez).

Scientists knew fructose could be broken down and absorbed in both the liver and the small intestine. But they believed the liver was mainly responsible for the process. The new study suggests otherwise. It finds that moderate doses of fructose are transformed in the small intestine. The liver steps in only when the dose of fructose is too high for the small intestine to handle.

In that way, the small intestine shields the liver from dangerously high doses of fructose, says Joshua Rabinowitz. One of the study authors, he works at Princeton University in New Jersey. He studies how the body breaks down chemicals. 

But how much fructose is too much is still up in the air. Rabinowitz and colleagues fed mice a sugar mix that contained equal parts glucose and fructose. (That’s the ratio in basic table sugar.) Some mice got a lower dose of sugar, and some got a higher dose.

The researchers used a special technique to chemically “label” the sugar molecules they gave to the mice. The method involved swapping certain carbon atoms out for a slightly heavier form of carbon. That allowed the researchers to track which sugars were being transformed and where their by-products were ending up.

Later, the researchers collected samples from different mouse organs. Then they separated out the sugar by-products by weight and identified the molecules with heavier carbon.

At lower sugar doses, researchers found lots of by-products from labeled fructose molecules in the small intestine. But they found only small amounts in the liver. The same was true in the vein that connects the small intestine to the liver. Lots of glucose molecules were found in this vein, though. The chemical labels showed some had been transformed from fructose molecules in the small intestine.

At high sugar doses, the small intestine couldn’t keep up. The vein connecting the intestine and liver had a much higher ratio of fructose to glucose than at lower sugar doses. That suggests the small intestine was passing some fructose along to the liver.

Translating these findings into dietary recommendations for people could be challenging because mice burn more energy relative to their body weight than people do, cautions Luc Tappy. He’s a physiologist at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland. He wasn’t part of the study. He notes that it’s hard to compare sugar doses between humans and mice.

Plus, Rabinowitz adds, scientists don’t know whether the small intestine is a safer place than the liver to process fructose. His lab plans to research that next.

二.重點摘譯
太多的糖會造成肝臟損傷,並增加其他醫療問題的風險。現在,研究小鼠的研究人員已經了解到,小腸可以防止肝臟接觸一種稱為果糖的醣類。研究發現,小腸有其局限性。高劑量的果糖壓倒了腸子處理糖的能力。研究人員在2月6日的Cell Metabolism中報導了這些結果。

果糖是一種簡單的糖。它出現在蜂蜜和水果,以及餐桌糖和許多甜食和飲料中。為了使用果糖能量,身體需要將其轉化為另一種簡單的糖,稱為葡萄糖或其他小分子。但過多的果糖會對身體造成壓力。例如,在人們中,肝臟處於諸如脂肪肝疾病的風險之中。它也增加了肥胖和2型糖尿病的風險(DIE-uh-BEAT-eez)。

科學家知道果糖可以分解並吸收到肝臟和小腸中。但他們認為肝臟主要負責這一過程。新研究表明否則。它發現中等劑量的果糖在小腸中轉化。只有當果糖的劑量太高而不能處理小腸時,肝臟才會進入。

就這樣,小腸將危險的高劑量果糖屏蔽肝臟。作者之一的Joshua Rabinowitz說,他在新澤西州普林斯頓大學工作。他研究人體如何分解化學物質。

但是果糖多少還在空氣中。 Rabinowitz和同事給小鼠餵食含有等量葡萄糖和果糖的糖混合物。 (這就是基本食糖的比例)。一些老鼠的糖分含量較低,有些則得到了較高的劑量。

研究人員用一種特殊的技術來化學“標記”他們給小鼠的糖分子。該方法涉及將某些碳原子換成較輕的較重形式的碳。這使得研究人員能夠跟踪哪些糖正在轉化以及其副產物在哪裡結束。

後來,研究人員收集了來自不同老鼠器官的樣本。然後他們按重量分離出糖副產物並用較重的碳鑑定出這些分子。

在較低的糖劑量下,研究人員在小腸中發現了大量來自標記的果糖分子的副產物。但他們在肝臟中只發現少量。連接小腸和肝臟的靜脈也是如此。儘管如此,還是發現了許多葡萄糖分子。化學標籤顯示一些已經從小腸中的果糖分子轉化而來。

在高糖劑量下,小腸無法跟上。連接腸道和肝臟的靜脈的果糖與葡萄糖的比例要比較低的糖劑量高得多。這表明小腸會通過一些果糖到肝臟。

Luc Tappy警告說,將這些發現轉化為對人們的飲食建議可能是具有挑戰性的,因為老鼠相對於他們的體重燃燒更多的能量。他是瑞士洛桑大學的生理學家。他不是這項研究的一部分。他指出,很難比較人和小鼠之間的糖劑量。

此外,Rabinowitz補充說,科學家們不知道小腸是否比肝臟更安全,以處理果糖。他的實驗室計劃下一步研究。

三.延伸閱讀
吃糖可以很好的補充能量。我們有很多的運動員在參加劇烈的運動之前,往往是不能吃過於撐肚子的食物,但是又不得不補充能量,所以會選擇糖來補充能量,因為糖只需要點點就可以釋放很多的能量。是高能量的食物。
其次,可以提高血壓。很多人都患有低血壓,在感覺頭暈炫目的時候不知道咋辦,可以告訴你,糖是提高血壓的最好的物質之一,所以當感覺血壓過低的時候,可以適量的吃些糖類食物。
最後,糖可以減輕一個人的壓力。很多時候人感覺有壓力的時候都會選擇嘴裡含著糖,因為這樣的話可以給自己一個心理提示,嘴是甜的,生活還會苦嗎?所以很多運動員在參加一些重要的比賽的時候都會選擇口裡嚼著口香糖。

四.心得
果糖在生活中是很常見的,從文章中可以知道果糖在體內的轉變過程,很有趣。還有,除了了解糖在體內的轉換外我也透過延伸閱讀知道糖不是只有壞處。

2018年3月31日 星期六

郭怡立未來科學探索夢想家


Science News Scientists Say: Zooplankton


http://alex2018sci.blogspot.tw/

一.Science News Scientists Say: Zooplankton (noun, “Zoh-uh-PLANK-ton”)

 (These are tiny, floating predators of the sea)
 These are a type of plankton — tiny organisms that drift freely in the sea. These critters can be so tiny you need a microscope to see them up to about the size of a flea. Some zooplankton remain that tiny forever. Others are the baby version of species that grow up to become larger animals, such as fish or crabs.

  Some plankton — called phytoplankton — are plant-like. They produce energy from the sun. But zooplankton are predators. They prey on phytoplankton and on other, smaller zooplankton. But these tiny, fearsome hunters are hunted themselves. Zooplankton are part of a balanced diet for many fish, birds and whales.

 In a sentence In the Arctic, some zooplankton prefer their food chilled and dine on sea-ice algae. Check out the full list of Scientists Say here.

引註: https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/blog/scientists-say/scientists-say-zooplankton 

二.重點摘譯
浮游生物 - 微小的生物體自由漂游在大海裡。這些小動物可以微小到需要你用一個顯微鏡才能看到他們體型約等於跳蚤的大小。但一些浮游動物仍然是微小的。有些浮游生物的嬰兒版本的物種長大成為較大的動物,如魚或螃蟹。

  一些浮游生物 - 稱為浮游植物 - 是植物類。他們產生的能量從太陽,但浮游動物是食肉動物。他們捕食浮游植物和其他,更小的浮游動物,但這些小東西,可怕的是他們會獵殺自己的同類。浮游動物對於許多魚,鳥類和鯨魚而言是屬於一個均衡的飲食。

 三.延伸閱讀
浮游動物屬於浮游生物的一類,通常為異營生物。與其他的浮游生物一樣,它們漂浮在水面上,因而得名。它們通常都是小型的原生動物,但也包括一些較大型動物的幼體,以浮游細菌、浮游植物或其他的浮游動物為食,反過來亦是其他一些大型動物的食物。提起海洋浮游生物,我們通常會想到它們可以為海洋動物提供食物,可以為我們人類提供氧氣。

 通過研究和分析,科學家們發現,浮游生物的特點並非僅限於此。浮游生物包括浮游植物和動物,還有細菌、病毒以及其它漂浮於海洋中的各種微生物。科學家們還發現,浮游生物之間的相互作用,大多數都係寄生關係。他們還發現了海洋中普通存在病毒的最新證據,由於大多數海洋浮游生物都係細菌,因此海洋中的病毒也被認為會感染細菌,每一口海水中有大約2億個病毒,大多數病毒正感染每一口海水中發現的大約2000萬個細菌

 四.心得
看完這篇文章後,我才知道原來浮游生物可以是植物,而且有些還可以生長在極寒的地方,像是北極之類的。而且文章中說,有一些小螃蟹或小蝦是從浮游生物長成的,想像那些長大的浮游生物會吃自己還在幼童期的同類感覺有點殘忍不過我想這就是生存法則吧。